Why Internet Shutdowns Are Thriving in Africa: Uncovering the Trends

Unpacking Africa's Rapid Increase in Internet Shutdowns

As many as 193 internet shutdowns were recorded in Africa from 2016 to 2024, with an alarming surge of these incidents escalating during politically sensitive times, such as elections and protests. A recent book, co-edited by Felicia Anthonio and Tony Roberts, provides a comprehensive analysis of the motivations and implications behind this increasing trend, underscoring the use of digital blackouts as a tactic for suppressing dissent across the continent.

Understanding Internet Shutdowns and Their Consequences

Internet shutdowns are intentional disruptions of connectivity, often executed by state authorities in collaboration with internet service providers. These shutdowns are not just an infringement on civil liberties; they represent a substantial breach of human rights as they inhibit free expression, access to information, and participation in democratic processes. From Uganda to Zimbabwe, governments are increasingly normalizing these practices, not only as tools of political control but as instruments in times of conflict.

Strategic Timing: Shutdowns as Political Tactics

The research presented in the newly released book highlights how shutdowns are strategically enforced during crucial moments—particularly around elections or public demonstrations. In Senegal, for example, five shutdowns were implemented in a three-year period, radically altering citizens' access to essential online services such as education and healthcare. Similar patterns were evident in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe, where internet access was cut to stifle political opposition and curb negative media coverage.

The Rising Trend: A Global Context

2024 has exemplified a record year for internet shutdowns, with 296 incidents documented globally, marking a notable international trend of governments employing digital blackouts, particularly in Africa. This reflects a broader strategy to control narratives and suppress information flow, further exacerbated by ongoing conflicts within the region, as highlighted by Access Now's report.

The Role of International Law and Accountability

According to international human rights law, internet shutdowns are deemed illegal, unnecessary, and disproportionate. The growing use of these tactics by regimes across Africa poses significant questions concerning accountability and the responsibilities of telecommunications companies. As these organizations comply with government orders, they inadvertently become complicit in the violation of individual rights. This dynamic raises urgent calls for a cohesive global response to ensure that access to information and freedom of expression are maintained.

Future Implications for Africa's Digital Landscape

The implications of these shutdowns are profound, not just for governance and free speech, but for the future of the African digital economy. As economies become more dependent on digital infrastructures, sustained blackouts could have dire consequences for business, education, and social connectivity. Policymakers must emphasize robust limitations on the use of shutdowns moving forward, ensuring adherence to international human rights practices.

The continued rise in internet shutdowns in Africa poses serious implications for democratic practices and citizen rights. To empower African nations, it's crucial for all stakeholders—governments, civil society, and technology providers—to advocate for an open, secure internet. The future of Africa's socio-economic development hinges heavily on how well these digital rights are protected.